CCE Group A — English (પેપર-2)

Hospital waste management has become a burning problem. Over the past two decades, health care waste has been identified as one of the major problems that negatively impact both human health and the environment when improperly stored, transported and disposed of. For many years, the World Health Organization has advocated that medical waste be regarded as special waste, and it is now commonly acknowledged that certain categories of healthcare waste are among the most hazardous and potentially dangerous of all waste arising in communities. There are many institutions which pollute the environment but recently the ignored field which produce the pollution by way of healthcare wastes and attracts the attention of the environmentalists are the hospitals, dispensaries, medical shops, medical clinics of doctors and other paramedical staff. Hospital waste is defined as any type of waste generated by health care institutions, including hospitals, medical laboratories, animal experimentation units, and clinics. Hospital waste is not only hazardous and pollutes the environment but also dangerous for human beings, animals and plants. Every day, numerous hospitals and other medical institutions churn out millions of tons of waste. Healthcare wastes are hazardous in nature. Hence it is necessary to take precautionary measures so that hazardous- components in the waste are rendered harmless through proper treatment by technology and safe disposal methods. About 1.50 kg of waste is produced per head/per day of the total hospital waste, which is contaminated with disease carry pathogens. If we take an example of a patient lying in the hospital for treatment and a normal man live in the society, a patient in the hospital needs a more hygienic and pollution free environment. He needs more oxygen. It is imperative, therefore, to adopt an appropriate environmentally safe method for the disposal of the health care wastes.

Man-made factors like trains and electrocution have Asiatic lion's threats mounted in first half of 2024. There have been more challenges for Gujarat's Asiatic lions as they increasingly stray out of forests into towns, highways, fields, ports and railway tracks, and have even been found strolling on beaches. But each of these newly conquered territories is endangering the wild cats further, the forest department's conservation efforts not withstanding.In the second week of May, a lioness died after being electrocuted by a farm fence, 40-odd km from the urban expense of Jamnagar city. Three lions had died in January, taking the number of fatalities on the Pipavav port-Surendranagar train route to seven since last July. All these accidents have occurred on a 50 km stretch between Liliya and Pipavav port in Amreli district. The Gujarat High Court, in March, took suo motu cognizance of the deaths and pulled up the state government and the railways for callousness in operation of routes in the lion corridor. After the court's reprimand, the railways submitted that train speed on the Pipavav-Surendranagar route had been reduced to 40 km per hour at night and the section of tracks passing through the lion corridor was being lit up to alert passing wild cats. Lions have very sharp eyesight, but the floodlights of approaching trains can be blinding, increasing the risk of fatal mishaps. Shrubs surrounding railway tracks along the lion corridor have also been cleared so that train drivers are better able to locate lion movement. These measures appear to have helped, since no incidents have been reported in three months. Activists, however, remain skeptical. A local naturalist said that while slower train speeds were helping the lion movement, the conflict between the railways and Gujarat forest department, over whose job it is to protect the lions, continued.

India is one of the few countries in the world where women and men have nearly the same life expectancy at birth. The fact that the typical female advantage in life expectancy is not seen in India suggests there are systematic problems with women's health. Indian women have high mortality rates, particularly during childhood and in their reproductive years. The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. Research on women's status has found that the contributions Indian women make to families often are overlooked, and instead they are viewed as economic burdens. There is a strong son preference in India, as sons are expected to care for parents as they age. This son preference, along with high dowry costs for daughters, sometimes results in the mistreatment of daughters. Further, Indian women have low levels of both education and formal labor force participation. They typically have little autonomy, living under the control of first their fathers, then their husbands, and finally their sons. All of these factors exert a negative impact on the health status of Indian women. Poor health has repercussions not only for women but also their families. Women in poor health are more likely to give birth to low weight infants. They also are less likely to be able to provide food and adequate care for their children. Finally, a woman's health affects the household economic well-being, as a woman in poor health will be less productive in the labor force.

પ્રિટોરિયામાં વિતાવેલ એક વર્ષ મારા જીવનમાં અમૂલ્ય હતું. ખરી વકીલાત પણ અહીં જ શીખ્યો એમ કહેવાય. વકીલ તરીકે હું તદ્દન નાલાયક નહીં રહું એવો વિશ્વાસ મને અહીં આવ્યો. વકીલ થવાની ચાવી પણ મને અહીં જ હાથ લાગી. દાદા અબદુલ્લાનો કેસ નાનો ન હતો. દાવો 40,000 પાઉન્ડનો, એટલે રૂપિયા છ લાખનો હતો. તે વેપારને અંગે હોઈ તેમાં નામાની ગૂંચવણો ઘણી હતી. કેટલોક ભાગ પ્રોમિસરી નોટ ઉપર અને કેટલોક ભાગ પ્રોમિસરી નોટ આપવાનું વચન પળાવવા ઉપર હતો. બચાવ એ હતો કે પ્રોમિસરી નોટ ફરેબથી લેવામાં આવી હતી અને પૂરો અવેજ નહોતો મળ્યો. બંને પક્ષે સારામાં સારા સોલિસિટરો અને બારિસ્ટરો રોકવામાં આવ્યા હતા. આથી મને તેઓના કામનો અનુભવ મેળવવાની સુંદર તક મળી. કેસ સોલિસિટર સારૂ તૈયાર કરવાનો ને હકીકતો શોધવાનો બધો બોજો મારા ઉપર હતો. તેમાંથી સોલિસિટર કેટલું રાખે છે અને સોલિસિટર તૈયાર કરેલામાંથી બારિસ્ટર કેટલાનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે તે મને જોવા મળતું હતું. મેં કેસમાં પૂરો રસ લીધો.